The warning came in the Global Tree Assessment, contained in an update of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.

Issued to coincide with the UN’s COP16 summit on biodiversity, held in the Colombian city of Cali, the report said over 16,000 tree species are at risk of extinction.

More than 47,000 species were assessed for the study, out of an estimated 58,000 species thought to exist in the world.

The numbers are not merely symbolic.

People “rely on tree species for food, timber, fuels (and) medicines,” expert Emily Beech told AFP.

They also make the oxygen we breathe, and absorb heat-trapping carbon dioxide emissions from the atmosphere.

A 2015 study estimated there are about three trillion individual trees in the world.

The study, published in the science journal Nature, estimated that over 15 billion trees are cut down each year, and the global number of trees has fallen by nearly half since the start of human civilization.

Over 5,000 of the species on the IUCN Red List are used for construction timber, and more than 2,000 species for medicines, food and fuels.

Seed banks essential

According to the IUCN report, the number of trees at risk is “more than double the number of all threatened birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians combined.”

Tree species are at risk of extinction in 192 countries, but the highest proportion is found on islands due to rapid urban development and expanding agriculture, and the introduction of invasive species, pests and diseases from elsewhere.

In South America, which boasts the greatest diversity of trees in the world, 3,356 out of 13,668 assessed species are at risk of extinction.

When they are, they are “more likely than not to be threatened with extinction,” said the report.

It called for forest protection and restoration through tree planting as well as the conservation of species dying out through seed banks and botanic garden collections.

More than 1,000 experts contributed to the assessment.